• Table of Contents
  • What you must know to read and understand this book
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1: The Purpose of this Book
  • Chapter 2: The Dead Sea Scrolls Textual Variant
  • Chapter 3: The Dead Sea Scrolls Variant Points to the Old Testament Sacrifices
  • Chapter 4: The Second Coming Fulfills the Old Testament Sacrifices
  • Chapter 5: The Wicked are a Sacrifice
  • Chapter 6: The Meaning of the Sacrifice Symbolism in Isaiah 34
  • Chapter 7: Additional Hard Stops for the Duration of Punishment
  • Chapter 8: The End of the Wicked is Ashes Outside the City, Not Endless Torment
  • Chapter 9: The Wicked of the Sea are No More
  • Chapter 10: More "αἰῶνας αἰώνων" Pointers to Ashes, Dead Souls, and Second Coming Judgment
  • Chapter 11: Hell is Made Holy and Poetic Justice is Served
  • Chapter 12: The Language of Action with Endless Results and Finite Duration
  • Chapter 13: Final Interpretation and Checking the Answer in the Back of the Book
  • Glossary
  • Bibliography

Hell is Made Holy

How the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Book of Revelation show that the wicked and hell cease to exist

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Over 75 Free Online Bible Commentaries

By David Aaron Beaty

Visit author’s web site at www.davidaaronbeaty.com

Glossary

Note: Underlined words in the definitions also have their own glossary entry for further explanation.

annihilationism, annihilationist, annihilation - The doctrine which holds to the idea that the wicked ultimately cease to exist, body and soul.

Aramaic - The most prevalent spoken language of Israel in the first century AD. This was most likely the primary spoken language of Jesus and His disciples.

codex, plural: codices - An ancient handwritten manuscript in book form. Before the invention of the codex, manuscripts were in scroll form, rolled up in a roll, and very difficult to use. The codex uses pages like a modern book, instead of the awkward rolled up format of a scroll.

conditionalism, conditionalist, conditional - The doctrine which holds to the idea that endless life and consciousness is not guaranteed to any person, either in heaven or hell, but is granted or withheld on the condition that a person places their faith in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior. The wicked ultimately cease to exist body and soul with no further consciousness or life.

continual morning and evening regular sacrifice - Also known as the, "burnt offering". A sacrifice described in the Old Testament which consists of sacrificing an animal in the morning and an animal in the evening at twilight every day. Each sacrifice was accompanied by a grain offering and a drink offering. Portions of fat from the peace offerings were also laid on the altar with the burning animals of the continual morning and evening regular sacrifice. The fire of the continual morning and evening regular sacrifice was kept going day and night, and would have been specifically characterized by virtually endless rising smoke, and by the excessive smoke generated by the fat of the peace offerings being laid on the altar with them.

critical apparatus - The notes which are typically located at the bottom of each page in a critical edition of the Bible which describe what textual variants for each verse exist in the various important ancient manuscripts of the Bible.

critical edition - A modern reproduction of an Old Testament or New Testament Bible in the ancient language which attempts to use analysis of numerous existing ancient manuscripts to determine what the most likely original words were that were penned by the original writers.

critical text - A scholarly slang term most often used to refer to what the Greek New Testament looks like if it is generally constructed by relying heavily on the much fewer but oldest manuscripts of the New Testament.

Dead Sea scrolls - A broad general title for all of the ancient manuscripts found in various caves in the vicinity of the Dead Sea on the east side of Israel. The Dead Sea scrolls are generally all dated to have been written from the third century BC to the first century AD. Every book of the Old Testament, now also including Esther and Nehemiah, can be found in either fragments of scrolls or nearly complete copies of scrolls among the Dead Sea scrolls.

electronic transcription - A copy of an ancient document which has been produced by entering the text of an ancient handwritten manuscript into an electronic format with a standard electronic computer font, for example like this for Hebrew, והבו והת התיה or like this for Greek, καὶ εἰσῆλθον ἐν. This makes the electronic transcription accessible on a computer or other electronic document viewing devices.

facsimile - A document which is produced by photographing a handwritten ancient manuscript. Each page of the facsimile is a photo of a portion of the handwritten ancient manuscript. Facsimiles allow for the unhindered analysis of a high quality, high resolution copy of the ancient manuscript without actually physically having the ancient manuscript.

forward interlinear translation - An interlinear translation which puts the words in the order they are found in the ancient language being translated. The corresponding modern translated words found in the next line down from each ancient language line of words are not in the order adhering to the proper word order of the modern destination language. The lines of modern destination language will read very awkwardly because they follow the ancient language word order. A forward Interlinear translation of a Hebrew text will read from right to left, as that is the word order of Hebrew.

Four Great Uncials - Four manuscripts of the Bible. They are some of the very oldest and are all written in a special type of "uncial" script using capitalized Greek letters. Three of them are nearly complete copies of the Bible. They are among the most authoritative for scholars who are engaged in the work of determining what the original wording of the Bible was.

Great Isaiah Scroll, also known as 1QIsaa - An ancient Hebrew manuscript found in the Dead Sea scrolls which is a nearly complete copy of the book of Isaiah. The scroll dates to roughly the second century BC.

headword or lemma - For example, in a dictionary or lexicon, only the single word, "eat" is given an entry in the dictionary or lexicon to define its meaning and the meaning of all of its forms: eaten, eating, ate, and eats. "Eat" is the headword, or also known as the lemma. The headword gets its own entry in the dictionary or lexicon and the various other forms of the word do not.

inflection, inflected form - In Greek, the same word, such as a Greek verb for example, can be spelled many slightly different ways to give it various different nuanced shades of

meaning. Various different inflections are used to express verb tense; past, present, or future and other nuances of meaning. Various different inflections of a verb are also used to express whether an action is completed or whether it is continuously ongoing. Other Greek parts of speech, such as adjectives, nouns, and adverbs for example are also inflected to different forms to instill specific nuanced meanings.

interlinear translation - A Bible format in which each line of text in the ancient language to be translated has a corresponding modern translated line of text under it with each translated modern word positioned directly under its corresponding ancient language word in the line above. The purpose of an Interlinear translation is primarily to help the reader discover which modern translated word corresponds to each ancient language word.

interpretation - Analyzing a biblical text to determine its meaning. When a Bible translation is infused with interpretation, this means that the final product from the translator goes beyond the simple translation of the text from one language to another and relies instead on both the translator's understanding of the meaning of the text and his pure translation skills.

Latin Vulgate - An ancient translation of most of the Old and New Testament Bible into Latin. The Vulgate originated in the 4th century AD, being translated by St. Jerome.

lingua franca - A language which is used across a broad geographical region which contains many different people groups who natively speak many other languages which are not the lingua franca. The lingua franca serves as a common language which allows all the people groups to be able to communicate with one another, even though all their native languages are different.

literal translation - A translation from one of the ancient biblical languages which generally attempts to do the following: translate each ancient language word with one corresponding English word, translates any figures of speech used in the ancient language with their actual words instead of interpreting the figure of speech for the reader, and attempts to use the least amount of interpretation as possible. Literal translations are generally seen as more accurate as they do not suffer from as many mistakes which may be made in any interpretation which is infused into the translation. When a Bible translation is infused with interpretation this means that the final product from the translator goes beyond the simple translation of the text from one language to another, and instead relies on both the translator's interpretive understanding of the meaning of the text and his translation skills. The less interpretation done in a translation, the more literal it is. Translation is not possible without instilling at least some interpretation into it.

Majority text - A scholarly slang term which is frequently used to refer to what the Greek New Testament looks like if it is constructed by relying heavily on the very numerous but very much younger manuscripts of the New Testament. The younger manuscripts used in the construction of the Majority text number in the thousands and are mostly from the 9th century AD and later.

manuscript - Typically an ancient handwritten copy of a document created before the advent of the printing press.

Masoretic text - The most dominant form of the Old Testament Hebrew Bible in use today. When a form of the Old Testament is referred to as "the Hebrew", this is usually referring to the Masoretic text. The Masoretic text has its roots and lineage even in many of the ancient scrolls found in the Dead Sea scrolls. The Masoretic text has been preserved, transmitted, and maintained by the adherents to Rabbinic Judaism, which is the descendant of the sect of the Pharisees described in the Bible. The oldest, mostly complete ancient manuscripts containing the Masoretic text date to the 10th and 11th centuries AD. All of the existing ancient manuscripts of the Masoretic text have a characteristic uniformity with relatively few differences. This characteristic uniformity is intentional and has been very effectively maintained by Rabbinic Judaism for hundreds of years. This characteristic uniformity is part of what makes them the "Masoretic text".

Mishnah - A written record of the Oral Torah, which allegedly was passed down orally for centuries since the time of Moses. The Oral Torah is not the Torah, the first five biblical books of Moses, but is a very large additional group of rules and traditions, many of which Rabbinic Jews still follow today. The written Mishnah was composed in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

Oral Torah - See Mishnah

Pentateuch - The first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.

phonetic transliteration - When a word is translated from one language to the other by simply spelling out the word in the destination language according to the way that it sounds when pronounced in the original language.

point, pointers, pointing phrases - Words, phrases, or longer quotations found in a biblical passage which are intentionally borrowed from another passage in order to intentionally direct the reader to that other passage. The passage that the reader is being directed to explains or expounds further on the topic being discussed.

pre-Christian Targums - Written Targums which were circulated before Christianity.

Proto-Masoretic text - The preceding ancestor of the Masoretic text from which the Masoretic text originated. Scholars believe that the Proto-Masoretic text can be found even among a majority of the Dead Sea scrolls biblical manuscripts, where its text is very similar to the Masoretic text. Of the first century AD Christians and Jews who could

read Hebrew, one of the most widespread Hebrew Old Testament Bibles was the Proto-Masoretic text.

Psong - A silly name made up by this author for any literary poetic creation of the author which is intended to sound sorta like a biblical Psalm.

Rabbinic Judaism - The most common variant of Judaism in existence today. It is characterized by its rejection of Jesus as Messiah. It has its ancestry in the sect of the Pharisees that are described in the New Testament. It places moral authority on the Old Testament, but very consistently relies on the opinions and writings of the rabbis, who overtly reject Jesus, to determine the authoritative interpretation of the Old Testament. Some of its most utilized and authoritative religious documents are the Mishnah, Talmud, and commentaries on the Old Testament called the Midrash.

These all contain the writings and opinions of the rabbis, and much material which Rabbinic Jews believe must be followed.

semieclectic text - A critical edition of the Bible which makes a partial attempt at reconstructing the original ancient language text of the Bible. It does not use an exhaustive set of the existing ancient manuscripts in order to determine its text. It usually only utilizes a limited group of the most authoritative manuscripts on hand to determine its text. A full eclectic text on the other hand will typically use a nearly exhaustive set of manuscripts and a nearly exhaustive evaluation of them in order to determine its ancient language text.

Septuagint - A Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament whose translation began in the third century BC and was completed in roughly the second or first centuries BC. This translation was likely done by a large committee of 72 Jewish scholars commissioned by King Ptolemy II of Egypt. The shorthand abbreviation, LXX is commonly used to refer to the Septuagint.

Strong's word - The Strong's numbering system is a system that assigns a reference number to every word in the Bible. These reference numbers can be used on various websites and in various Bible concordances to find all the occurrences of a particular word throughout the Bible. Strong's reference numbers are also utilized by Bible dictionaries and various other Bible study materials to help the reader find explanations of each word in these resources. The format of a Strong's number for a Greek word is for example like this, G1522; and for a Hebrew word like this, H1234.

Syriac Peshitta - An ancient translation of the Old and New Testament Bible, translated to Syriac. The Old Testament of the Syriac Peshitta originated in roughly the 2nd century AD.

tabernacle - A portable tent which essentially served the same purpose as the Jewish temple while the Jews were wandering in the wilderness before they reached the promised land. This was the dwelling place of God among the Jews, just as the temple was.

Talmud - One of the primary religious texts of Rabbinic Judaism. It is considered to be an authoritative guide on life and religious practice. It is a collection of the opinions and writings of the leaders of Rabbinic Judaism, the rabbis, and it was composed from approximately the 3rd to the 8th centuries AD. It is divided into two major portions referred to as the Jerusalem Talmud and the Babylonian Talmud, with the Babylonian Talmud being considered the more authoritative of the two.

Targum - An ancient Aramaic translation of a book of the Hebrew Old Testament. The evidence strongly suggests that many Targums originated before the time of Christ. Most of the Old Testament books of the Bible have a corresponding Targum. The Targums contain many explanatory alterations and additions which are not found in the Hebrew Old Testament. This makes the Targums effectively a blend of commentary and translation. Aramaic was the primary language in Israel in the 1st century AD. The Targums were commonly listened to by Jewish synagogue attendees in the 1st century AD. The Targums were very likely the primary access to the Old Testament for illiterate Jews in the first century AD, although literate Jews would have also been hearing them read aloud in the synagogues. The Targums were very likely the primary access to the Old Testament for many of St. John's audience of the book of Revelation in the first century AD.

textual criticism - The scholarly discipline of analyzing numerous ancient manuscripts of the Bible to determine what the most likely original words were that were penned by the original authors.

textual variant - Various different important ancient manuscripts of the Bible have places in their text which are different from one another. These are called textual variants and are frequently noted in the critical apparatus of critical editions of the Bible.

traditionalist - An individual who holds to the traditional view of hell involving endless conscious torment for those who reject Christ.

Westminster Leningrad Codex - The second oldest, nearly complete, handwritten manuscript of the Old Testament in Hebrew, dating to the early 11th century AD. It contains the Masoretic text. The Old Testament of most modern English Bibles are primarily translations of the Westminster Leningrad Codex, quite possibly making it the most important ancient manuscript of the Old Testament in existence today.