• Table of Contents
  • What you must know to read and understand this book
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1: The Purpose of this Book
  • Chapter 2: The Dead Sea Scrolls Textual Variant
  • Chapter 3: The Dead Sea Scrolls Variant Points to the Old Testament Sacrifices
  • Chapter 4: The Second Coming Fulfills the Old Testament Sacrifices
  • Chapter 5: The Wicked are a Sacrifice
  • Chapter 6: The Meaning of the Sacrifice Symbolism in Isaiah 34
  • Chapter 7: Additional Hard Stops for the Duration of Punishment
  • Chapter 8: The End of the Wicked is Ashes Outside the City, Not Endless Torment
  • Chapter 9: The Wicked of the Sea are No More
  • Chapter 10: More "αἰῶνας αἰώνων" Pointers to Ashes, Dead Souls, and Second Coming Judgment
  • Chapter 11: Hell is Made Holy and Poetic Justice is Served
  • Chapter 12: The Language of Action with Endless Results and Finite Duration
  • Chapter 13: Final Interpretation and Checking the Answer in the Back of the Book
  • Glossary
  • Bibliography

Hell is Made Holy

How the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Book of Revelation show that the wicked and hell cease to exist

Grk/Heb Fonts

PDF

By David Aaron Beaty

Visit author’s web site at www.davidaaronbeaty.com

Bibliography

AMP. Scripture quotations marked (AMP) are used from the Amplified® Bible, Copyright© 2015 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. www.lockman.org.

AMPC. Scripture quotations marked (AMPC) are used from the Amplified® Bible Classic Edition, Copyright© 1987 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. www.lockman.org.

ASV. Scripture quotations marked (ASV) are used from the

American Standard Version. 1901.

Bauckham, Richard. 1983. Word Biblical Commentary, Jude & 2 Peter, Vol. 50, Grand Rapids MI: Zondervan

Beale, G.K. 1999. The New International Greek Testament Commentary, The Book of Revelation. Grand Rapids MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

Brown, Francis. 1906. The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company

BSB. Scripture quotations marked (BSB) are used from The Holy Bible, Berean Study Bible. Copyright© 2020 by Bible Hub. Used by Permission. All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

CAB. Scripture quotations marked (CAB) are used from the Complete Apostle's Bible. Copyright© 2005. Translated by Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton. Revised and Edited by Paul W. Esposito, and from the English Majority Text Version (EMTV) of the Holy Bible, New Testament. Author House

Cathcart, Kevin J. ; Gordon, Robert P. The Aramaic Bible, The Targum of the Minor Prophets, Vol. 14. 1989. Wilmington DE: Michael Glazier Inc.

Chilton, Bruce D. The Aramaic Bible, The Isaiah Targum, Vol.

11. 1990. Collegeville MN: A Michael Glazier Book, The Liturgical Press

CSB. Scripture quotations marked (CSB) are used from The Christian Standard Bible. Copyright © 2017. Holman Bible Publishers. Used by permission. Christian Standard Bible®, and CSB® are federally registered trademarks of Holman Bible Publishers, all rights reserved.

DABV. Scripture quotations marked (DABV) are not really scripture at all, but are taken right out of the author's head from the David Aaron Beaty Version which consists of various musings and attempts to entertain and encourage people in a way that brings honor to God.

Date, Christopher M. ; Atkinson, Basil F.C. 2014. "The Doom of the Lost" in Rethinking Hell. Eugene OR: Cascade Books

Douay. Scripture quotations marked (Douay) are used from The Holie Bible Faithfully Translated into English, Out of the Authentical Latin. 1609. Douay: Lawrence Kellam

DSSB. Scripture quotations marked (DSSB) are used from The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible. Copyright © 1999. New York: Harper Collins Publishers

ESV. Scripture quotations marked (ESV) are used from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®. Copyright © 2001. Crossway Bibles. Good News Publishers.

Etheridge, J.W. The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch; Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. 1865. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green

Fanning III, Buist M. ; Arnold, Clinton E. 2020. Zondervan Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament, Revelation. Grand Rapids MI: Zondervan Academic

Flesher, Paul V.M.; Chilton, Bruce. The Targums a Critical Introduction. 2011. Waco TX: Baylor University Press

Fraade, Steven D. Legal fictions: Studies of Law and Narrative in the Discursive Worlds of Ancient Jewish Sectarians and Sages. 2011. Boston MA: Brill

Fudge, Edward William. 2011. The Fire That Consumes. Eugene OR: Cascade Books

Green, Gene L. 2008. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament, Jude and 2 Peter. Grand Rapids MI: Baker Academic

Grossfeld, Bernard. The Aramaic Bible, The Targum Onqelos to Genesis. Vol. 6. 1990. Collegeville MN: The Order of Saint Benedict, The Liturgical Press, Michael Glazier Inc.

Grossfeld, Bernard. The Aramaic Bible, The Targum Onqelos to Deuteronomy. Vol. 9. 1988. Wilmington DE: Michael Glazier Inc.

Hammer, Reuven. Sifre: a Tannaitic Commentary on the Book of Deuteronomy. 1986. New Haven CT: Yale University Press

Harris, R. Laird; Archer, Gleason L. ; Waltke, Bruce K. 1980. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Chicago: Moody Publishers

Hayward, Robert. The Aramaic Bible, The Targum of Jeremiah, Vol. 12. 1987. Wilmington DE: Michael Glazier Inc.

HCSB. Scripture quotations marked (HCSB) are used from the Holman Christian Standard Bible®. Copyright © 2009. Holman Bible Publishers. Used by permission. Holman Christian Standard Bible®, Holman CSB®, and HCSB® are federally registered trademarks of Holman Bible Publishers, all rights reserved.

Hill, C.E. 2022. The First Chapters, Dividing the Text of Scripture in Codex Vaticanus and its Predecessors. Oxford: University Press

Hoole, Charles H. 1885. The Apostolic Fathers. London: Rivingtons

Houtman, A.; Misset-van de Weg, M. "The Fate of the Wicked: Second Death in Early Jewish and Christian Texts" in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity, Empsychoi Logoi Religious Innovations in Antiquity, Studies in Honour of Pieter Willem van der Horst. 2008. Vol. 73. Boston MA: Brill

Johnson, Alan F. 2006. Revelation, The Expositor's Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids MI: Zondervan

JPS. Scripture quotations marked (JPS) are used from The Holy Scriptures According to the Masoretic Text. A New Translation. Copyright© 1917. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. All rights reserved.

Kim, Jintae. 2008. "Targum Isaiah 53 and the New Testament Concept of Atonement" in LBTS Faculty Publications And Presentations, #324. Liberty University, Scholars Crossing

KJV. References to the "KJV" are pointing to the 1769 edition of the Authorized King James Version. Oxford: Printed at the Clarendon Printing-House, 1769.

Koehler, Ludwig; Baumgartner, Walter. ©1994-2000. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV

KTB. Koren Talmud Bavli, The Noe Edition. 2013. Tractate Yoma, Vol. 9. Jerusalem: Steinsaltz Center, Koren Publishers

KTB. Koren Talmud Bavli, The Noe Edition. 2014. Taanit Megilla, Vol. 12. Jerusalem: Steinsaltz Center, Koren Publishers

KTB. Koren Talmud Bavli, The Noe Edition. 2017. Sanhedrin Part Two, Vol. 30. Jerusalem: Steinsaltz Center, Koren Publishers

LAMSA. Scripture quotations marked (LAMSA) are used from

Holy Bible from the Ancient Eastern Text. Copyright© 1933.

A. J. Holman Co.

LDSSIB. Scripture quotations marked (LDSSIB) are used from The Lexham Dead Sea Scrolls Hebrew-English Interlinear Bible. Copyright© 2016. All rights reserved. Lexham Press.

LES1. Scripture quotations marked (LES1) are used from the Lexham English Septuagint first edition. Copyright© 2012- 2013. Bellingham WA: Lexham Press

LES2. Scripture quotations marked (LES2) are used from the Lexham English Septuagint second edition. Copyright© 2019. Bellingham WA: Lexham Press

Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. 1996. A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press

LSB. Scripture quotations marked (LSB®) are used from the Legacy Standard Bible®, Copyright © 2021. The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Three Sixteen Publishing Inc. LSBible.org and 316publishing.com.

Marcus, Ralph. 1966. Josephus, Vol. VII. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press

Metzger, Bruce M. 1981. Manuscripts of the Greek Bible, An Introduction to Greek Paleography. New York: Oxford University Press

MLV. Scripture quotations marked (MLV) are used from the Holy Bible Modern Literal Version. Copyright© 2018 by G. Allen Walker.

Mowinckel, Sigmund. 1962. The Psalms in Israel’s Worship.

New York: Abingdon Press

NASB20. Scripture quotations marked (NASB20) are used from the New American Standard Bible® (NASB®). Copyright© 2020. The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. All rights reserved. www.lockman.org.

NETS. Scripture quotations marked (NETS) are used from A New English Translation of the Septuagint. Copyright© 2007. International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies, Inc. Used by permission of Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

NIV. Scripture quotations marked (NIV) are used from The Holy Bible, New International Version® NIV® Copyright© 2011 by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.zondervan.com The "NIV" and "New International Version" are trademarks registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office by Biblica, Inc.™

NKJV. Scripture quotations marked (NKJV) are used from the New King James Version® Copyright© 1982 by Thomas Nelson. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

NRSV. Scripture quotations marked (NRSV) are used from the New Revised Standard Version Bible. Copyright ©1989. Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Ottley, R.R. 1909. The Book of Isaiah According to the Septuagint, Second Edition. Cambridge MA: University Press

Papaioannou, Kim. 2013. The Geography of Hell in the Teachings of Jesus. Eugene OR: Pickwick Publications

Perrin, Bernadotte. 1921. Plutarch's Lives, Vol. X. New York:

G.P. Putnam's Sons

Rahlfs, Alfred. 1979. Septuaginta: id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes. Stuttgart DE: Deutsch Bibelgesellschaft

Rahlfs, Alfred. 1931. Septuaginta, Psalmi cum Odis, Volume

X. Gottingen DE: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

Robinson, Maurice A.; Pierpont, William G. 2005. The New Testament in the Original Greek. Southborough MA: Chilton Book Publishing

Ronning, John. 2010. The Jewish Targums and John's Logos Theology. Grand Rapids MI: Baker Academic

Schreiner, Thomas R. 2003. The New American Commentary, 1 & 2 Peter, Jude, Vol. 37. Nashville TN: B&H Publishing Group

Smith Jr. , Henry B. 2013. Canaanite Child Sacrifice, Abortion, and the Bible, The Journal of Ministry and Theology, Fall 2013, Volume 7, Number 2. Clarks Summit PA: Baptist Bible Seminary

Smith, Julia E. 1876. The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments. Hartford CT: American Publishing Company

Stec, David M. The Aramaic Bible, The Targum of Psalms, Vol. 16. 2004. Collegeville MN: A Michael Glazier Book, The Liturgical Press

Steinmann, Andrew. 1992. Tripartite Structure of the Sixth Seal, the Six Trumpet, and the Sixth Bowl. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, March 1992 Issue. Chicago: Evangelical Theological Society

Swanson, Dennis M. 2006. Expansion of Jerusalem in Jer 31:38-40: Never, Already or Not Yet?, The Master's Seminary Journal, Spring 2006, 17/1. Los Angeles CA: The Master's Seminary

Swete, Henry Barclay. 1914. An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, Second Edition. Cambridge MA: University Press

Swete, Henry Barclay. 1894. The Old Testament in Greek According to the Septuagint, Hosea to 4 Maccabees, Volume III. Cambridge MA: University Press

Swete, Henry Barclay. 1891. The Old Testament in Greek According to the Septuagint, 1 Chronicles to Tobit, Volume II. Cambridge MA: University Press

Thackeray, H. St. J. 1968. Josephus. Volume 3. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press

Thomas, John Christopher; Macchia, Frank D. 2016. The Two Horizons New Testament Commentary, Revelation. Grand Rapids MI: William. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

TLV. Scripture quotations marked (TLV) are used from the Holy Scriptures, Tree of Life Version. Copyright© 2015 by the Tree of Life Bible Society.

Tonstad, Sigve K. 2019. Paideia Commentaries on the New Testament, Revelation. Grand Rapids MI: Baker Academic

Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux. 1857. Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, Paternoster Row

WEB. Scripture quotations marked (WEB) are used from the

World English Bible. 1997. www.worldenglish.bible

WNT. Scripture quotations marked (WNT) are used from the Weymouth New Testament in Modern Speech. 1924. 4th Edition. London: James Clarke & Co.

Ziegler, Joseph. 1954. Septuaginta Vetus Testamentum Graecum, Susanna, Daniel, Bel et Draco, Volume XVI, Part 2. Gottingen DE: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht