Bible Commentaries

Deuteronomy 14:3-8, Ezekiel 4:14, Daniel 1:8, Matthew 15:11, Mark 7:15-19, Acts 10:12,14, Romans 14:2,3,14,15, 1 Timothy 4:4-6, Hebrews 9:10, 13:9, Of the laws relative to clean and unclean beasts, which are recorded in this chapter and Deut. ch. 14, the following may be found a useful abstract. 1. In regard to quadrupeds, all beasts that have their feet completely cloven, above as well as below, and at the same time chew the cud, are clean. Those which have neither, or indeed want one of these distinguishing marks, are unclean. This is a systematic division of quadrupeds so excellent, as never yet, after all the improvements in natural history, to have become obsolete, but, on the contrary, to be still considered as useful by the greatest masters of the science. 2. With regard to fishes, Moses has in like manner, made a very simple systematic distinction. All that have scales and fins are clean, all others unclean. 3. Of birds, he merely specifies certain sorts as forbidden, thereby permitting all others to be eaten. 4. Insects, serpents, worms, etc., are prohibited, but with regard, however to those winged insects, which besides four walking legs, also have two longer springing legs, (Pedes saltatorii,) Moses makes an exception, and under the denomination of locusts, declares them clean in all four stages of their existence. In Palestine, Arabia, and the adjoining countries, locusts are one of the most common articles of food, and people would be very ill of if they durst not eat them: For, when a swarm of them desolates the fields, they prove in some measure themselves an antidote to the famine which they occasion. They are not only eaten fresh, immediately on their appearance, but the people collect them, and know a method of preserving them for a long time for food, after they have dried them in an oven. --Niebuhr's Description of Arabia, pp. 170-175.

parteth

Psalms 1:1, Proverbs 9:6, 2 Corinthians 6:17

cheweth

Deuteronomy 6:6,7, 16:3-8, Psalms 1:2, Proverbs 2:1,2,10, Acts 17:11, 1 Timothy 4:15

unclean unto you: Genesis 7:1, Genesis 7:2; Isaiah 52:11; 1 Corinthians 8:13; 1 Thessalonians 5:22; 1 John 3:4

the coney

Shaphan, most probably an animal resembling the rabbit, called by Dr. Shaw, daman (probably for ganam) Israel, "Israel's lamb," and by Bruce, ashkoko, which name he imagines is "derived from the singularity of these long herenacious hairs, which, like small thorns, grow about his back, and which an Amhara are called ashok." This curious animal abounds in Judea, Palestine, Arabia, and Ethiopia; and is described as being about seventeen inches when sitting. It has no tail; and at first sight gives the idea of a rat. Its colour is grey, mixed with reddish brown; the belly white, the body covered with strong polished hairs, for the most part about two inches in length; the ears round, and not pointed; the feet round, of a soft, pulpy, tender substance; the toes projecting beyond the nails, which are rather broad than sharp; the upper jaw is longer than the other; it lives upon grain, fruit, and roots, and certainly chews the cud; and it does not burrow like the hare and rabbit, but lives in clefts of the rocks.

Psalms 104:18, Proverbs 30:26

but divideth

Job 36:14, Matthew 7:26, Romans 2:18-24, Philippians 3:18,19, 2 Timothy 3:5, Titus 1:16

the hare

Deuteronomy 14:7

swine

Deuteronomy 14:8, Isaiah 65:4, 66:3,17, Matthew 7:6, Luke 8:33, 15:15, 2 Peter 2:18-22

they are unclean

5:2, Isaiah 52:11, Hosea 9:3, Matthew 15:11,20, Mark 7:2,15,18, Acts 10:10-15, Acts 10:28, 15:29, Romans 14:14-17,21, 1 Corinthians 8:8, 2 Corinthians 6:17, Ephesians 5:7,11, Colossians 2:16,21-23, Hebrews 9:10

Deuteronomy 14:9,10, Acts 20:21, Galatians 5:6, James 2:18, 1 John 5:2-5

they shall be

7:18, Deuteronomy 14:3, Psalms 139:21,22, Proverbs 13:20, 29:27, Revelation 21:8

the eagle

In Hebrew, nesher, Chaldee, neshar, Syriac, neshro, and Arabic, nishr, the eagle, one of the largest, strongest, swiftest, fiercest, and most rapacious of the feathered race. His eye is large, dark, and piercing; his beak powerful and hooked; his legs strong and feathered; his feet yellow and armed with four very long and terrific claws; his wings very large and powerful; his body compact and robust; his bones hard; his flesh firm; his feathers coarse; his attitude fierce and erect; his motions lively; his flight extremely rapid and towering; and his cry the terror of every wing.

Deuteronomy 14:12-20, Job 28:7, 38:41, 39:27-30, Jeremiah 4:13,22, 48:40, Lamentations 4:19, Hosea 8:1, Habakkuk 1:8, Matthew 24:28, Romans 1:28-32, 3:13-17, Titus 3:3; the ossifrage. {Peres,} from {paras} to break, probably the species of eagle anciently called {ossifraga} or bone-breaker, (from {os,} a bone, and {frango,} to break,) because it not only strips off the flesh, but breaks the bone, in order to extract the marrow.

Genesis 8:7, 1 Kings 17:4,6, Proverbs 30:17, Luke 12:24

Deuteronomy 14:15-18, Psalms 102:6, Isaiah 13:21,22, 34:11-15, John 3:19-21, Ephesians 2:2,3, 4:18,19, 5:7-11, Philippians 3:18,19, 1 Thessalonians 5:5-7, Revelation 18:2

bat: Isaiah 2:20, Isaiah 66:17

23,27, Deuteronomy 14:19, 2 Kings 17:28-41, Psalms 17:14, Matthew 6:24, Philippians 3:18,19, 2 Timothy 4:10, 1 John 2:15-17, Jude 1:10,19

Exodus 10:4,5, Isaiah 35:3, Matthew 3:4, Mark 1:6, Romans 14:1, 15:1, Hebrews 5:11, Hebrews 12:12,13

8,27,28,31,38-40, 17:15,16, Isaiah 22:14, 1 Corinthians 15:33, 2 Corinthians 6:17, Ephesians 2:1-3, 5:11, Colossians 2:16,17,20, Hebrews 9:26, 1 John 1:7

wash his clothes, and be unclean

28,40, 14:8, 15:5,7-11,13, 16:28, Exodus 19:10,14, Numbers 19:8,10,19,21,22, Numbers 31:24, Psalms 51:2,7, Zechariah 13:1, John 13:8, Acts 22:16, Hebrews 9:10, 10:22, 1 Peter 3:21, 1 John 1:7, Revelation 7:14

20,23

beareth

24,25

shall wash

creeping things that creep

20,21,41,42, Psalms 10:3, 17:13,14, Haggai 2:6, Luke 12:15, 16:14, John 6:26, John 6:66, Ephesians 4:14, Philippians 3:19, Colossians 3:5, 2 Timothy 3:2-5, Hebrews 13:5

8,24,25

it must be put into water

6:28, 15:12, Titus 2:14, 3:5

ye shall break it

35, 14:45, Jeremiah 48:38, 2 Corinthians 5:1-8, Philippians 3:21

Proverbs 15:8, 21:4,27, 28:8, Titus 1:15

they shall be

33, 6:28, 15:12, 2 Corinthians 5:1-7

a fountain

Zechariah 13:1, John 4:14

wherein there is plenty of water

Heb. a gathering together of waters.

sowing seed

1 Corinthians 15:37, 1 Peter 1:23, 1 John 3:9, 5:18

24,28,31,40, 15:5,7, Numbers 19:11,16

eateth

25, 17:15,16, 22:8, Exodus 22:31, Deuteronomy 14:21, Isaiah 1:16, Ezekiel 4:14, 36:25, Ezekiel 44:31, Zechariah 13:1, 1 Corinthians 6:11, 10:21, 1 John 1:7

shall wash

28, 14:8,9, 15:5-10,27, 16:26,28, Numbers 19:7,8,19

20,23,29

goeth upon the belly

Genesis 3:14,15, Isaiah 65:25, Micah 7:17, Matthew 3:7, 23:23, John 8:44, 2 Corinthians 11:3,13, Titus 1:12

hath more feet

Heb. doth multiply feet.

Ye shall

41,42, 20:25

yourselves

Heb. your souls.

I am the

Exodus 20:2

ye shall

10:3, 19:2, 20:7,26, Exodus 19:6, Deuteronomy 14:2, 1 Samuel 6:20, Psalms 99:5,9, Isaiah 6:3-5, Amos 3:3, Matthew 5:48, 1 Thessalonians 4:7, 1 Peter 1:15,16, 2:9, Revelation 22:11

that bringeth

Exodus 6:7, Psalms 105:43-45

be holy

44, Exodus 6:7, 20:2, Psalms 105:43-45, Hosea 11:1, 1 Thessalonians 4:7

This

The distinction of clean and unclean animals, (see note on Le 11:2) existed even before the flood, though it probably then only related to sacrifices; but at this time we find there were very particular laws enacted respecting the diet of the people, and the ceremonial uncleanness contracted by touching the carcases of unclean animals. The reasons for the enactment of these laws seem to be--1. As a test of obedience, and to teach the Israelites habits of self-denial, and the government of their appetites. 2. To keep them distinct from other nations, and consequently from their idolatrous usages, by throwing hindrances in the way of their social intercourse; for these distinctions were applicable both to persons and things. The Canaanites not only ate the animals prohibited by Moses, which we usually eat, but others also, among which dogs were one. Besides, many of those declared unclean were sacred among the heathen, and sacrificed to their gods. 3. Because those prohibited were innutritive and unwholesome; as the swine, the flesh of which being strong and difficult to digest, affords a very gross aliment, and produces, especially in hot climates, cutaneous, scrophulous, and scorbutic disorders, as the itch, leprosy, etc.

7:37, 14:54, 15:32, Ezekiel 43:12

10:10, Ezekiel 44:23, Malachi 3:18, Romans 14:2,3,13-23