Bible Commentaries

Solomon's City-Building, Statute Labour, Arrangement of Public Worship, and Nautical Undertakings - 2 Chronicles 8

The building of the temple was the most important work of Solomon'sreign, as compared with which all the other undertakings of the king fallinto the background; and these are consequently only summarilyenumerated both in the book of Kings and in the Chronicle. In our chapter,in the first place, we have, (a) the building or completion of various cities,which were of importance partly as strongholds, partly as magazines, forthe maintenance of the army necessary for the defence of the kingdomagainst hostile attacks (2 Chronicles 8:1-6); (b) the arrangement of the statute labourfor the execution of all his building works (2 Chronicles 8:7-11); (c) the regulation ofthe sacrificial service and the public worship (2 Chronicles 8:12-16); and (d) thevoyage to Ophir (2 Chronicles 8:17, 2 Chronicles 8:18). All these undertakings are recounted in thesame order and in the same aphoristic way in 1 Kings 9:10-28, but withthe addition of various notes, which are not found in our narrative; whilethe Chronicle, again, mentions several not unimportant though subordinatecircumstances, which are not found in the book of Kings; whence it is clearthat in the two narratives we have merely short and mutuallysupplementary extracts from a more elaborate description of thesematters.

The city-building. - 2 Chronicles 8:1. The date, “at the end of twenty years,when Solomon … had built,” agrees with that in 1 Kings 9:10. The twentyyears are to be reckoned from the commencement of the building of thetemple, for he had spent seven years in the building of the temple, andthirteen years in that of his palace (1 Kings 6:38; 1 Kings 7:1).

2 Chronicles 8:2-4

2 Chronicles 8:2 must be regarded as the apodosis of 2 Chronicles 8:1, notwithstandingthat the object, the cities which … precedes. The unusual position of thewords is the result of the aphoristic character of the notice. As to itsrelation to the statement 1 Kings 9:10-13, see the discussion on thatpassage. בּנה, 2 Chronicles 8:2, is not to be understood of the fortification of these cities, but of their completion, for, according to 1 Kings 9:10, 1 Kings 9:13, they were in very bad condition. ויּושׁב, he caused to dwell there, i.e., transplanted Israelites thither, cf. 2 Kings 17:6. The account of the cities which Solomon built, i.e., fortified, is introduced (2 Chronicles 8:3) by the important statement, omitted in 1 Kings 9: “Solomon went to Hamath-zobah, and prevailed against it.” על חזק, to be strong upon, that is, prevail against, conquer; cf. 2 Chronicles 27:5. Hamath-zobah is not the city Hamath in Zobah, but, as we learn from 2 Chronicles 8:4, the land or kingdom of Hamath. This did not lie, any more than the city Hamath, in Zobah, but bordered on the kingdom of Zobah: cf. 1 Chronicles 18:3; and as to the position of Zobah, see the Commentary on 2 Samuel 8:3. In David's time Hamath and Zobah had their own kings; and David conquered them, and made their kingdoms tributary (1 Chronicles 18:3-10). Because they bordered on each other, Hamath and Zobah are here bound together as a nomen compos. עליה יחזק signifies at least this, that these tributary kingdoms had either rebelled against Solomon, or at least had made attempts to do so; which Solomon suppressed, and in order to establish his dominion over them fortified Tadmor, i.e., Palmyra, and all the store cities in the land of Hamath (see on 1 Kings 9:18.); for, according to 1 Kings 11:23., he had Rezon of Zobah as an enemy during his whole reign; see on that passage.

2 Chronicles 8:5-6

Besides these, he made Upper and Nether Beth-horon (see on 1 Chronicles 7:24) into fortified cities, with walls, gates, and bars. מצור ערי is the second object of ויּבן, and וגו חומות is in apposition to that. Further, he fortified Baalah, in the tribe of Dan, to defend the kingdom against the Philistines, and, according to 1 Kings 9:15-17, Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer also, - which are omitted here, while in 1 Kings 9:17 Upper Beth-horon is omitted, - and store cities, chariot cities, and cavalry cities; see on 1 Kings 9:15-19.

On the arrangement of the statute labour, see on 1 Kings 9:20-23. - This note is in Chr. abruptly introduced immediately after the preceding. 2 Chronicles 8:7 is an absolute clause: “as regards the whole people, those.” מן־בּניהם (2 Chronicles 8:8) is not partitive: some of their sons; but is only placed before the אשׁר: those of their sons (i.e., of the descendants of the whole Canaanite people) who had remained in the land, whom the Israelites had not exterminated; Solomon made a levy of these for statute labourers. The מן is wanting in 1 Kings, but is not to be struck out here on that account. Much more surprising is the אשׁר after שׂראל מן־בּני, 2 Chronicles 8:9, which is likewise not found in 1 Kings, since the following verb נתן לא is not to be taken relatively, but contains the predicate of the subject contained in the words ישׂ מן־בּני. This אשׁר cannot be otherwise justified than by supposing that it is placed after ישׂ בני מן, as in Psalm 69:27 it is placed after the subject of the relative clause, and so stands for ישׂ בני מן בן אשׂר: those who were of the sons of Israel (i.e., Israelites) Solomon did not make … The preplacing of בּניהם מן in 2 Chronicles 8:8 would naturally suggest that ישׂ בני מן should also precede, in order to bring out sharply the contrast between the sons of the Canaanites and the sons of Israel.

שׁלישׁיו ושׁרי should be altered intoושׁלישׁיו שׂריו as in 1 Kings 9:22, forשׁלישׁים are not chariot combatants, but royal adjutants; seeon Exodus 14:7 and 2 Samuel 23:8. Over the statute labourers 250 upper overseerswere placed. נציבים שׂרי, chief of the superiors, i.e.,chief overseer. The Keth. נציבים, praefecti, is the true reading;cf. 1 Chronicles 18:13; 2 Chronicles 17:2. The Kerihas arisen out of 1 Kings 9:23. These overseers were Israelites, while in the number 550 (1 Kings 9:23) the Israelite and Canaanite upper overseers are both included; see on 2 Chronicles 2:17. בּעם refers to כּל־העם, 2 Chronicles 8:7, and denotes the Canaanite people who remained.

The remark that Solomon caused Pharaoh's daughter, whom he had married(1 Kings 3:1), to remove from the city of David into the house which hehad built her, i.e., into that part of his newly-built palace which wasappointed for the queen, is introduced here, as in 1 Kings 9:24, because itbelongs to the history of Solomon's buildings, although in the Chronicle itcomes in very abruptly, the author not having mentioned Solomon'smarriage to the daughter of Pharaoh (1 Kings 3:1). The reason given forthis change of residence on the part of the Egyptian princess is, thatSolomon could not allow her, an Egyptian, to dwell in the palace of KingDavid, which had been sanctified by the reception of the ark, andconsequently assigned to her a dwelling in the city of David until heshould have finished the building of his palace, in which she might dwellalong with him. המּה is, as neuter, used instead of the singular;cf. Ew. §318, b. See also on 1 Kings 3:1 and 1 Kings 9:24.

The sacrificial service in the new temple. Cf. 1 Kings 9:25, where it ismerely briefly recorded that Solomon offered sacrifices three times a yearon the altar built by him to the Lord. In our verses we have a detailedaccount of it. אז, at that time, scil. when the temple building hadbeen finished and the temple dedicated (cf. 2 Chronicles 8:1), Solomon offered burnt-offerings upon the altar which he had built before the porch of the temple. He no longer now sacrifices upon the altar of the tabernacle at Gibeon, as in the beginning of his reign (2 Chronicles 1:3.).

2 Chronicles 8:13

“Even sacrificing at the daily rate, according to the direction ofMoses.” These words give a supplementary and closer definition of thesacrificing in the form of an explanatory subordinate clause, which isinterpolated in the principal sentence. For the following words וגו לשּׁבּתות belong to the principal sentence (2 Chronicles 8:12): he offered sacrifices … on the sabbaths, the new moons, etc. The ו before בּדבר is explicative, and that = viz.; and the infin. להעלות, according to the later usage, instead of infin. absol.; cf. Ew. §280, d. The preposition בּ (before דּבר) is the so-called b essentiae: consisting in the daily (rate) to sacrifice (this); cf. Ew. §299, b. The daily rate, i.e., that which was prescribed in the law of Moses for each day, cf. Leviticus 23:37. למּועדות is further explained by the succeeding clause: on the three chief festivals of the year.

2 Chronicles 8:14

He ordered the temple service, also, entirely according to the arrangement introduced by David as to the service of the priests and Levites. He appointed, according to the ordinance of David his father, i.e., according to the ordinance established by David, the classes of the priests (see on 1 Chron 24) to that service, and the Levites to their stations (משׁמרות as in 2 Chronicles 7:6), to praise (cf. 1 Chron 25), and to serve before the priests (1 Chronicles 23:28.), according to that which was appointed for every day, and the doorkeepers according to their courses, etc. (see 1 Chron 27:1-19). With the last words cf. Nehemiah 12:24.

2 Chronicles 8:15-16

This arrangement was faithfully observed by the priests and Levites. The verb סוּר is here construed c. accus. in the signification to transgress a command (cf. Ew. §282, a), and it is therefore not necessary to alter מצות into ממּצות. על־הכּהנים depends upon מצות: the king's command concerning the priests and the Levites, i.e., that which David commanded them. וגו לכל־דּבר, in regard to all things, and especially also in regard to the treasures; cf. 1 Chronicles 26:20-28. - With 2 Chronicles 8:16 the account of what Solomon did for the public worship is concluded: “Now all the work of Solomon was prepared until the (this) day, the foundation of the house of Jahve until its completion; the house of Jahve was finished.” מלאכת is explained by מוּסד. היּום is the day on which, after the consecration of the completed temple, the regular public worship was commenced in it, which doubtless was done immediately after the dedication of the temple. Only when the regular worship according to the law of Moses, and with the arrangements as to the service of the priests and Levites established by David, had been commenced, was Solomon's work in connection with the temple completed, and the house of God שׁלם, integer, perfect in all its parts, as it should be. The last clause, בית י שׁלם, is connected rhetorically with what precedes without the conjunction, and is not to be regarded as a subscription, “with which the historian concludes the whole narrative commencing with 2 Chronicles 2:1 ” (Berth.); for שׁלם does not signify “ended,” or to be at an end, but to be set thoroughly (perfectly) in order.

Voyage to Ophir. Cf. 1 Kings 9:26-28, and the commentary on thatpassage, where we have discussed the divergences of our narrative, andhave also come to the conclusion that Ophir is not to be sought in India,but in Southern Arabia. By אז the date of this voyage is made tofall in the period after the building of the temple and the palace, i.e., in thesecond half of Solomon's reign.